Essay about English Academic Writing - 750 Words

Over the last few decade, the number of international student has risen not specially in the UK but all over the world. It is known that every nation has its own language, customs, cultures and traditions. This may effect the way of thinking or an academic style of reading, writing and another types of an academic style. This essay will evaluate linn,2009 claim that international student must learn a new way of thinking and writing when they come to study in the UK-type academic environment and outline the controversial point that should be considered. Firstly, according to( linn,2009,p.3) English writers use explicit discourse marker which helps the writers to organize ideas and also helps reader follow along from one sentence to†¦show more content†¦However, in an English academic writing, writers tend to restrict the amount of metaphor ,whereas Arabic writers do no seem to make this distinction for academic writing. This seems to be true because there are an disadvantages of metaphorical usage. Perhaps most importantly it can be said that metaphorical usage may lead to stereotyping, which not based on fact but it based on other opinion. For example, linn thinks that all Asian student are circular or all Americans are good at math. Of course it just an opinions not fact some Americans are not good at math. In addition, metaphors could use to obscure reality, confuse and influence the readers. For instance, metaphors are one of the ways that doctors might avoid telling the truth to the patients. In contrast, it is diffi cult to ignore the features of metaphorical usage to described psychological theories. It can be said that teachers and student should sensitized to the power of metaphors. According to (linn,2009,p.2,p.3) it is possible that academic writing in some countries are influenced by its cultures and traditions, which also effect students choice of evidence in supporting their main ideas and how they express their main ideas. It can be said that the structure of academic writing. This seems to be true because there are three point that should be considered. Firstly, traditional culture not only influences the views of the world, ways of thinking, people‘s behaviors but also theShow MoreRelatedLearning From A Foreign Language991 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted reading and writing when I was 4, it was in Arabic and writing in Arabic doesn’t have many rules. So by the age of eight, I was done with learning how to read and write, and started my science studies. 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Roslyn Heights, New York 1 #VAI-S1914 v1.0 This study guide should be used along with a program published by Video Aided Instruction, Inc. For more information, call 1-800 -238-1512 or visit us online at videoaidedinstruction.com. This study guide should be used along with the following program published by Video Aided Instruction. The instructor works through the exercisesRead MoreAcademic Achievement7009 Words   |  29 Pages1 Text 1-1 1.1 1.2 Academic Achievement This unit will help you: use your prior knowledge to help you understand what you are reading; practice reading for a specific purpose; make decisions about the relevance of a text in terms of reading purpose; read selectively in order to use appropriate information from the text. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The topic of this unit concerns factors that may lead to improvement in academic performance among students. 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Essay on Racism in America - Past and Present - 2889 Words

Racism is the mistreatment of a group of people on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, place of origin, or ancestry. The term racism may also denote a blind and unreasoning hatred, envy, or prejudice (Dimensions of Racism). Racism has had a strong effect on society. Despite the many efforts made to alleviate racism, what is the future of African Americans Racisms long history, important leaders, current status, and future outlook will be the main factors in determining how to combat racism. Racism is still present in many societies, although many people are doing their best to put an end to racism and its somewhat tragic ordeals. Though racism is a controversial subject, many other subjects have received just as†¦show more content†¦Throughout his life, King felt the pain of racism, and being the kind of person he was, he knew he needed to do something. In 1957, he founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The conference was very influential and invaluable during the Civil Rights Movement. Through this group, King was able to build a strong reputation for having a strong will and desire for equality and justice for all people. This reputation made him a leader, if not THE leader, of the Civil Rights Movement (Martin Luther King). With the SCLC and the passive resistance philosophy, King was able to lead actions such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Selma, Mississippi. The most widely-known march is the March on Washington. In his speech, he talked about his dream for unity and equality among all people. However, because of his marches and protests, he was arrested over thirty times. Despite these arrests, King still made many other accomplishments. In 1963, he was named Man of the Year by Time Magazine. He also won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. Kings awards show the support that people had for his ideas and improvements of Civil Rights (Martin Luther King). 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Financial Analysis of Nokia Free Essays

Introduction of Nokia Nokia, one of the leading brands in mobile phones, was started by a mining engineer, Fredrik Idestam, in 1865 by making paper from wood pulp mill; a second paper mill was built on Nokianvirta river that gave birth to the present name of this company-Nokia. The company then started different business and mergers and then finally started mobiles business in 1968. Its head office is in Espoo, Finland and currently has almost 132,000 employees worldwide. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Analysis of Nokia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its main products (mobile phones, smartphones, mobile computers, Networks) and services (Maps Navigation, media software solutions, music, messaging) are in the field of Telecommunication, Internet computer software. Nokia is selling its products to almost 150 countries globally with annual revenue of over 42 billion euro with 2 billion operating profits and global market share of nearly 35% in 2010. (nokia.com) Nokia did many innovations and has credit to be the world’s No 1. in many of its products and services e.g. world’s first portable NMT car telephone (Nordic Mobile Telephone-NMT) built by Nokia, GSM call, Nokia Tunes, satellite call, brings Internet on mobile. It introduces First 3g Phone, digital hand portable phones supporting data, fax and the Short Message Service, integrated wireless payphone, dual mode AMPS/TDMA phone, high-speed data terminal for wireless networks, WAP handset, introduced the industry first multimedia messaging solution, first 3GPP compliant WCDMA/GSM dual mode phone, first TDMA handsets with full-color displays, mobile handset with a 4GB hard disk which can store up to 3000 tracks, Nokia N95 was the world’s first device combining GPS and wireless broadband (HSDPA/WLAN). From January 2010, high-end car and pedestrian navigation is available for free on Nokia smartphones. (Zacks research, 2011) One can imagine its success and popularity from the fact that till 2005, 2 billion mobiles were sold worldwide and Nokia alone sold its billionth phone in that year. According to Nokia Corporation, ‘Nokia’s story continues with 3G, mobile multiplayer gaming, multimedia devices and a look to the future†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (nokia.com) and â€Å"Nokia’s mission is simple; Connecting People. Our strategic intent is to build great mobile products. Our job is to enable billions of people everywhere to get more of life’s opportunities through mobile.† (nokia.com) Currently, with the invention of many smart android phones, Nokia is facing stiff competition in mobiles market as its sales figures are moving downward. But they are now making changes in their structure and operations that is depicted by their statement, â€Å"Nokia has recently outlined its new strategic direction, including changes in leadership and operational structure to accelerate the company’s speed of execution in a dynamic competitive environment.† (nokia.com) Critical Discussion of Recent Past Performance – Financial Ratio Analysis Financial analysis helps in establishing a relation between various financial statements’ elements which can then be compared with other information about the business. This also determines the future prospects of the company and the area that needs improvement. The basic purpose is to analyze the current financial position performance of the company according to which a judgement can be made regarding future performance of the business. (Dyson. J.R, 2007) Financial analysis from the point of view of an investor is mostly concerned with the profitability of the company and also the returns what the company pay to their stock holders in the form of dividends and/or right shares and increase in the stock value. (CIMA, 2000) One has to look carefully to the annual accounts of the company and the yearly growth trend in terms of revenues, profit and its market share. For the analysis purpose, consolidated accounts of Nokia i.e. Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash Flow Statement for the last four years from 2007 to 2010 is taken into account and theses figures obtained from the company’s website are given below: Consolidated Income Statement of Nokia for the Year Ended (EURm) 2007 2008 2009 2010 Net Sales/ Revenues51,058 50,710 40,984 42,446 Cost of Sales33,781 33,337 27,720 29,629 Gross Profit 17,277 17,373 13,264 12,817 Res Dev5,6365,9685,909 5,288 Sell Ad Exp 5,5445,6645,0784,529 Other Inc2,312 420338 507 Other Exp424 1,195 51056 Op Profit7,9854,9661,1972,070 Profit Bef Tax 8,2684,970 962 1,786 Tax1,5221,081 702 443 Net Profit 6,7463,889 260 1,343 (nokia.com) From this income statement, it is observed that Sales are having a decreasing trend from 2007 to 2009 but shows a slightly increase in 2010 and cost of sales, operating profit, earnings per share and the net profit has also the same trends. It means that profitability of Nokia was much better in 2007 that is 6.7 billion euro as compared to 260 million euro in 2009, but it again shows signs of improvement in 2010 and net profit become 1.3 billion euro. Consolidated Balance Sheet of Nokia for the Year Ended (EURm) 2007 2008 2009 2010 Assets Cash Eqv 11,992 7,8549,20212,653 A/Rec 11,356 9,5457,9957,609 Inventory 2,8762,5331,8652,523 Other C/A 3,0704,4444,5514,360 Tot C/A 29,294 24,470 23,613 27,145 Plant PE 1,7581,9851,8221,856 Goodwill1,3846,2575,1715,723 Tot Assets 37,599 39,582 35,738 39,123 Liabilities A/Pay 7,0745,2254,9506,101 Tot C/L 18,976 20,355 15,188 17,540 Oth/L 1,2852,7175,8015,352 Tot/Liab 20,261 23,072 20,989 22,892 Equity 17,338 16,510 14,749 16,231 Tot Lib Eq 37,599 39,582 35,738 39,123 (nokia.com) The balance sheet gives an idea to investor that how much business is invested by the shareholder’s equity and how much debt is owed. (Dyson. J.R, 2007) It is depicted from these balance sheets of Nokia that approximately 45% business is financed by the equity in 2007 but for the next three years this figure is reduced to around 41%. This shows that company owes more in 2010 as compared to 2007 and its financial position was much better in 2007 compared with 2010. Consolidated Cash Flow Statements of Nokia for the Year Ended (EURm) 2007 2008 2009 2010 Net Income 6,7463,889 260 1,343 Depreciation 1,2061,6171,7841,771 Cash from Op Act7,8823,1973,2474,774 Cash from Invest -710-2,905 -2,148 -2,421 Cash from Finance-3,832 -1,545 -696 -911 Net Change in Cash 3,325-1,302378 1,666 (nokia.com) The analysis of Cash flow statement gives true information about profit of a company as it relies on real cash transactions. Income statement can sometime mislead because of insufficient cash flows figures showing on the statement. Investors are mostly interested in cash flow statements before making decision to have a clear picture of the company’s cash transactions. The company’s with plenty of cash availability mostly have fewer problems for expansions or investments for growth, paying off debts or to buy back their own stocks. This cash flow statement shows that Nokia has good position as regard to the cash flow during the year 2007, but it comes to negative figure in 2008 because of losses from investments and finances, but it recovers again in 2009 and makes good progress in 2010. It overall shows that although Nokia had a hard time in 2008 but it picked up again in the subsequent years. Financial Ratios Some financial ratios are calculated as regard to profitability, asset turnover, short term and long term liquidity ratios based on the figures outlined in the Income Statement and balance sheets given above for four years from 2007 to 2010. These ratios and their explanations are given as under: Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit Margin 33.84%34.26%32.36%30.20% Op Profit Margin 16.19%9.80% 2.34% 4.21% Net Profit Margin 13.24%7.63% 0.63% 3.21% Profitability ratios compare components of income with sales and provide an idea of what makes a business’s income and is expressed as a portion of each sales unit i.e. euro in case of Nokia. These profit margin ratios are different only in terms of numerators and reflect and evaluate performance of different aspects of the company. These all profitability ratios explain the Nokia’s ability to generate the earnings and coverage of its expenses and other costs for the same period (Dyson. J.R, 2007) For Nokia, we observe that Gross profit margin (Gross Profit/ Sales) remains almost equal (30.2% to 34.2%) for the four years in observation, but the operating profit and Net profit margin shows a great fluctuations ( 2.3% to 16.1% in case of op profit and 0.6% to 13.2% for net profit). This means that Nokia has more operating expenses i.e. selling, marketing, RD and administration expenses. Secondly, if we see vertically, in year 2007, the difference between Gross profit and net profit is less (33.84%-13.24%= 20.6%) as compared to subsequent years e.g. in year 2009, the difference is 32.63%-0.63%= 31.73; this shows that in this year there is more operating expenses. But this situation improves a little in 2010 and net profit becomes again 3.21%. Return Ratios: Return on Assets17.94%9.82% 1.00% 3.90% Return on Capital 54.8% 27.2% 6.7% 7.02% Return on Equity 53.9% 27.5% 6.5% 8.67% Return ratios are also important profitability ratios. These measures the efficiency with which a business employed its assets, capital and equity for profit generation i.e. amount of profit in relation to investment of total assets. For Nokia, these ratios show that assets are employed more efficiently in the year 2007 and then it has a decreasing trend till 2009 and shows a better position for 2010 as compared to 2009. Activity Ratios: Tot Asset TO 1.4x 1.3Ãâ€"1.1Ãâ€"1.1x Fix Asst TO 29.0Ãâ€"25.5x 22.5x 23.1x Inventory TO 17.8Ãâ€"20.0x 22.0x 16.8x Activity ratios measures how well the business assets are used i.e. the benefit produced by the company’s assets or how effectively the business investment is being used. The greater the turnover, more effectively the assets are being used (Dyson. J. R, 2007) Liquidity Ratios or Credit Ratios: Current Ratio 1.5:11.2:1 1.5:11.5:1 Acid Test Ratio 1.23:1 0.86:1 1.13:1 1.15:1 These two liquidity or credit ratios measure whether a business can pay off debts or bills from its resources over the next twelve months. Acid test ratio (current assets-inventories/current liabilities) gives a clearer picture than current ratio (current assets-current liabilities) because it shows that business is capable to pay off its current liabilities without selling the inventory because sometimes it becomes difficult to sell the inventory at the time of solvency. Nokia has a good result for these ratios, and shows that the business can easily pay its debts in case there arise any problem. Long Term Solvency Debt/Equity Ratio 1.17 1.39 1.42 1.41 This debt equity ratio is greater than one, means that Nokia’s most assets are mainly financed by debt than shareholder’s equity (Dyson. J. R, 2007) This ratio shows that how much Nokia is relying on debt. From these figures, it reveals that Nokia is depending more on debt as compared to the equity and this has an increasing trend from 2007 onwards. Share Holder’s Ratio: Earning /share 1.85 1.07 0.24 0.50 The investors have a keen interest in this ratio as this shows that how much business earns in terms of share of stock because if the business earns more, then it can give more to their shareholders. Nokia’s earning per share is 1.85 in 2007 which decreases to 0.24 in 2009 but again shows a good performance in 2010 therefore E/Share increased to 0.50. Other Issues to be Considered in Pursuit of a Potential Investor A potential investor has to do a full market research about the company and the trends of its growth, market reputation, its competition, development growth within the company and within the industry along with the complete examination of the financial statements because an investor not only needs a return on the investment but also wants safety of its funds invested. For financial analysis, one has to consider the revenue generation, operating income from operations, net income, return on equity, balance sheet strength and the competitive advantage over a period of years and also its trend along with the trend of the industry. As far as Nokia Corporation (NOK) is concerned, it is the largest manufacturer of the mobile phones in the world and is the market leader in most of its innovations since 1990’s. But due to the significant increase in the use of smartphones and android phones in the past recent years, Nokia is facing some difficulties for maintaining its same market share as it was before. Global mobile phone sales totalled 269.1 million units in 1st qtr of 2009, decreased 8.8% from 1st qtr of 2008. Smartphone sales were 36.4 million units, an increase of 12.7% from the same time last year. Nokia continued to lead the mobile phone market, but its market share dropped from 39.1% to 36.2% in the 1st qtr of 2008 to 1st qtr of 2009. Smartphones sales are 13.5% of all the mobile devices sold in 2009. (Gartner, May 2009) 5 Year Stock Charts for Nokia Corporation- US (NOK) ( As on 22-04-2011) Source: Businessweek.com Industry Analysis-Year to Date (As on 22-04-2011) Nokia (NOK) Source: Businessweek.com As the consumers are using more smartphones and android phones now a days, therefore its market share are increasing and also the future expectations to use these phones, as is shown in the figures below: Smart Phone Market Share with OS (March, 2011) Source: The Nielson Company (http://tech.fortune.cnn.com) Next Desired Operating System (Consumers planning on getting a new smartphone in the next year) Source: The Nielson Company (http://tech.fortune.cnn.com) Nokia has lost its market share in profitable smartphone segment because of Apple’s iphone and Google’s android phone. In the last few years consumers are moving towards most modern Android phones from Samsung, HTC and prefer less to use the old symbian platform used by Nokia. The Gartner, one research firm expects that android will replace Symbian, and will become the world’s most widely used smartphone this year. Its global market share is expected to be 38.5% as compared to symbian 19.2%. (The Wall Street Journal, Apr 2011) According to Gartner â€Å"By the end of 2011, Android will move to become the most popular operating system (OS) worldwide and will build on its strength to account for 49 percent of the smartphone market by 2012† ( Gartner, Apr 2011) Their prediction table is given below: Worldwide Mobile Communications Device Open OS (Operating System) Sales to End Users by OS ( Thounds of Units) Source: Gartner (April, 2011) In pursuit of fierce competition from other companies like Samsung, Motorola, Apple, Google, HTC and others, some recent developments made by Nokia: Nokia has entered in a fifty-fifty joint venture with Siemens AG after receiving Chinese regulatory clearance in acquiring the wireless network infrastructure assets of Motorolla Solutions Inc. Nokia started using Windows Mobile 7 software in all of its smartphones. (Zack research, 2011) Nokia made a definitive agreement with Microsoft Corp for the development of a smartphone ecosystem. (BBC, 2011) In the first quarter 2011, net revenue was $14,214 million that is increased by 9% year over year. This increase was due to the stronger demand, average selling prices and higher volume sales in most of the regions. (Zack research, 2011) Gartner says, that after Nokia replacing symbian with Microsoft Windows phone operating system, it will not only be able to cut operating cost but also proving better products services to its customers. In 1st qtr of 2011, Nokia’s smartphone share in the global market fell down to 26% from 41% one year ago. The company is also expecting that its 2nd year will also be challenging, but because of the deal with Microsoft ‘there is less uncertainty for investors about the company’s future prospects’ (The Wall Street Journal, Apr 2011). This deal will also help Nokia in clearing the hurdles in the way of commercializing the new Windows smartphones as quickly as possible. In the 1st quarter 2011, Nokia’s quarterly revenue was up 9% year over year. The increase was attributable to higher volumes in most regions driven by stronger demand and higher average selling price (ASP). However, gross margin was 29.1% compared with 32% in the last quarter. (Zack Research, Apr 2011) Also Hudson securities said (Apr 2011) that Nokia reported strong results for its 1st quarter 2011 with revenue earning per share more than expectations. According to International human press newswire, Nokia’s global presence is still significant as 1.3 billion people using the Nokia’s phone for connecting every day. The Nokia’s deal with Microsoft seemed to be another â€Å"Blockbuster†, its sales will increase and the prices could go back to 2007. (ITHP, Feb 2011) Conclusion Nokia (NOK), a Finland based multinational company, is the biggest name in the mobile communication technology. Earlier it was involved in many businesses but from 1992 it concentrated on its communication segment and soon became the market leader in many of its innovations. Nokia’s phones are loved by every sector of the consumers, not only because of their reliability but also because that it is providing the cheapest mobiles with most basic functions and also high quality phones with all the latest functions. Its market share remains above 40% globally till last few years. In 2005, 2 billion mobiles were sold worldwide and alone Nokia sold its billionth mobile in that year. There is a fierce competition in the mobile communication market. Main competitors are Nokia, Apple, Samsung, Google and HTC. All suppliers are making innovations and trying to provide new extra functions or services in the mobiles therefore expectations of the consumers are increasing day by day and in this race many companies are providing new innovative mobiles periodically. From the financial statements of Nokia and the ration analysis, it is examined that Revenues, operating income, profit margin, return on equity, earning per share from 2007 has a decreasing trend till 2009 but all these shows positive developments again from 2010. Current ratio, Quick ratio is also in favour of Nokia. Also, in first quarter 2011, Nokia did very well and more than expectations. Although its overall market share is somewhat decreasing due to the Apple’s iphone and Google’s android phone. But as Nokia did a deal with Microsoft recently for using its windows 7 and producing an ecosystem in mobiles, and also it is doing re-organization of the company, it is expected that it will be able to gain its market share again, still 1.3 billion people are using Nokia worldwide. Therefore, one can invest in Nokia but also need to keep an eye on the growth and development it is making with the passage of time. References BBC News, â€Å"Nokia and Microsoft form partnershipâ€Å". 11 Feb 2011, online, assessed on April 20,2011, available from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12427680 Business week, April 22, 2011, ‘Information Technology Sector, Communications Equipment Industry’, online, assessed on April 22, 2011, available from http://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/earnings/earnings.asp?ticker=NOK:US CIMA. (2000) Management Accounting Official Terminology. London: The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants Dyson, J.R. (2007) Accounting for Non-Accounting Students. Seventh Edition, England: FT Prentice Hall Fortune, CNNmoney.com, ‘Nielsen: Android gains, iPhone slips’ April 26, 2011, online, assessed on Apr 26, 2011, available from http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/04/26/nielsen-android-gains-iphone-slips/ 6.Gartner Research, May 20, 2009, ‘Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Declined 8.6 Per Cent and Smartphones Grew 12.7 Per Cent in First Quarter of 2009’, online assessed on Apr 26, 2011, available from http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=985912 Gartner Research, April 7, 2011 ‘Gartner Says Android to Command Nearly Half of Worldwide Smartphone Operating System Market by Year-End 2012’, online, assessed on Apr 26,2011, available from http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1622614 8. ‘Hudson Securities Reports Strong 1Q11 Results For Nokia’ April 21, 2011, online assessed on Apr 27, 2011, available from http://origin.benzinga.com/analyst-ratings/analyst-color/11/04/1023585/hudson-securities-reports-strong-1q11-results-for-nokia ITHP, International human press newswire, ‘Invest in Nokia?, Feb 2011, online, assessed on Apr 26, 2011, available from http://www.ithp.org/articles/nokia.html Nokia website, online, assessed on April 15, 2011, available from http://www.nokia.com Reisinger. D, Cnet news, April 26, 2011, ‘ Nielsen: Android gains, iPhone slips’, online, assessed on April 26, 2011, available from http://news.cnet.com/8301-13506_3-20057445-17.html The Wall Street Journal, 21 Apr, 2011, ‘Nokia Lifts Itself Out of the Doldrums’, online, assessed on Apr 26, 2011 available from http://money.uk.msn.com/wall-street-journal.aspx?cp-documentid=157142938 Zacks Research, Business News, ‘Nokia Surprises in 1Q11’ 21-02-2011, online, assessed on April 17, 2011, available from http://www.favstocks.com/nokia-surprises-in-1q11/2148356/ How to cite Financial Analysis of Nokia, Essay examples

Leadership and Business Management Communicating Stakeholders

Question: Describe about the Leadership and Business Management for Communicating Stakeholders. Answer: Describe how you maintained an open communication process between: Team: Describe what would you do with your team to make sure everyone is communicated to The most common and important elements for communicating stakeholders are determining the target audience. One should be deliberate and should identify known groups for determining unknown groups. It is going to be very tough for a company if they find that in a serious critical meeting, one of their main candidates was attending the meeting without any clue about the proceedings of the meeting, as he was not given any kind of information on that matter. Documents should be developed in a proper manner and stakeholders should be communicated in an effective manner about all this. Following the ways mentioned below, one can easily manage to keep the communication active and ongoing (USCG, 1998) Formal methods for Communication: Formal Meetings: Formal meetings are one of the old methods of communication. These meetings can have varied facets depending on organizational structure. It depends on a person to maximize every minute of their time spent for having an effective dialogue. It is one of the effective way of communication as it enhances credibility and avoids misinterpretation (USCG, 1998) Call on Conference: This mode of communication is becoming most common now days. This mode is beneficial as it saves time and expenses of travelling (USCG, 1998). Through conference call, one can talk anywhere, as one does not depend on voice intonation. Letters: Strategy of sharing newsletters is one-way communication and it is often utilized in the way of email utilization, brochures and newsletters. One major weakness is that messages are delivered and one seems to be unable to gauge them (USCG, 1998) Informal Methods Hallway communication: These are such kind of meetings which mainly involve one to one communication mode, but in the case, if an organization follows such communication mode then, it should be clear that they should not develop false expectation (USCG, 1998) Meetings during unofficial Time: Meetings can be arranged after working hours where staff members can interact informally with seniors during lunch or dinner. These causal environment helps in bonding and gaining feedback (USCG, 1998) Events of Sporting: Company can arrange for the badminton or golf games, where informally, staff members can interact with one another and can gain feedbacks (USCG, 1998) Mails on voice: Emails often hold superiorities in comparison to voice mails but still, people prefer listening rather than reading (USCG, 1998) Staff should be provided with the opportunity to discuss issues related to relationship with fellow colleagues. Talking about an issue through the channels above can help in diffusion of negative situation before it gets out of hand. So, one should devise strategies for encouraging open communication. There should be commitment from the senior level managers to encourage open communication and discussion. By showing that management is willing to listen and bring about the changes based on what staff has discussed, in that case the staff will become more open(USCG, 1998). Manager: How can you keep regular communication with your manger to make sure that they are informed of how your team is working? By establishing a good relationship with a manager, we can keep regular communication with him for achieving the desired goals and objectives. Business relationships are built upon openness, honesty, cooperativeness and productiveness(Regional Skills Training, 2010). One will find that a manager, with whom we have to establish relation with, is mainly aware of the tasks of team which a team has to perform. People are found having no ability to work in team, as they are found working with people who normally does not believe in choosing friends in many cases. By incorporating the below stated factors in communication, a team can effectively communicate its performance with a manager: Clear: Information will be read by a manager only when he will be able to understand it properly. If the team is writing about its performance and the same is not clear to the manager, the communication is useless. Clarity can come out by selecting easy understandable words, being concise and importantly, understanding that even though one may understand what the team has written, the other party may not be able to do so. Therefore, it is necessary to write in a proper manner to make the manager aware about the correct position and performance standard. Complete: Apart from being clear, information should be complete. One should be open and offer full information. One should not hold information or put any kind of opinions simply because the end user does not want to hear it. It is very essential that the information a team offers to a manager should be complete so that he/she does not take any kind of wrong decision. Taking into account the end user: While one can find that information that a team is offering is not really what the manager is looking for or wants to hear, it is important to ensure that one takes into account the way the end user will respond to the given information. If it is not good information, be sensitive and attempt to make the information or your opinion easier for them to read. Describe how you were able to initiate and maintain this communication process so that input from outside the team could contribute to team performance Who and how can you work with team/management/ customers to get ideas on communication and team performance The main elements of Project communication(University of Tennessee System, 2012) Communication with whom: It is very essential to understand that all stakeholders should be informed about a project and all the necessary detailing related with it for the proper execution of the project. However, this kind of approach would mainly guarantee the failure of a project as, every stakeholder carries his/her own view and, meeting everyones demand is going to be very difficult. Some important stakeholders that must be taken into account are been illustrated below: (University of Tennessee System, 2012). Sponsors of Project: These are the main customers of any project with whom the managers have to communicate and share the information on timely basis. It is to be ascertained that every stakeholder under this category is been communicated in the manner he/she likes to be done with. Members of the team: This is again one of the main popular groups of stakeholders. One might think of dividing the groups of teams in sub -groups on the basis of the role each of them possess. For instance, a manager can think of drafting separate communication mode for business analyst. Customers: These stakeholders can be internal or external. They are not bothered about project communication until and unless a product is been delivered to them. Partners in a company: These stakeholders are those people whose activity does affect the manner in which the project communication takes place. A partner may be someone who is working on a project or heading any team. What is to be communicated: What information is to be communicated to which stakeholder should be considered in a proper manner and should be communicated according to the prescribed modes. The choice of communication of information cannot be done without any tool of project for gathering information How to communicate: We can several different many mediums of commutation like face-to-face, intranet, internet or video conference. Ways to maintain communication process for contributing to team performance Clear Objectives: The overall objective needs to be determined which should assure that every member should understand the goal. A leader has an important role in communicating the clear picture of what organization expects from a team. Appropriate Leadership: Leadership is considered as a shared function, which is based on the need of a task instead of consideration of formal role based on power. Suitable Membership: For a team to work productively, members must display the skills and experience and the right mixture of these for the task being undertaken. Commitment towards team: Members of a team experiences real strength from membership and goal sharing. They will ready to invest energy in interest of the team Supportive team climate: The order of maintaining communication process is to build supportive climate. Members should be asked to contribute in a mature fashion Relationships with other teams: An effective team also invests its time and energy in developing ground rules for managing relationships with other team members in a positive and productive way. Describe how you evaluation of team performance and rationale behind corrective actions in order to provide evidence of you knowledge of Group behavior to build team cohesion How will you monitor and evaluate the team as a group is working well together and that your solutions are working? All of the assessment principle that applies to individual work applies to group work as well. Group of assessment has called for many challenges, however such objectives of assignment which assessor might wish to assess depends on team final design and report, their processes and both (Universit Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2012). Below are the ways for monitoring and evaluating whether group cohesion is working or not Assess individual and team: An individual can mainly feel de-motivated when they feel that their success is very much dependent on the success of the team members and team performance. One single way of interacting and counteracting the hazards of motivation of group activities is mainly to assess the learning and performance of an individual in response to the output of group. Team leaders can take test for testing the learning knowledge of the individuals. There is no such breakdown in assessment section but still grading should mainly reflect motives for learning and motivating the kind of work one want to see. Assessing process: In the case, when developing teamwork skills is one of the main objectives for the course, it is important for assessing students progress towards such goal. Processes can be accessed on the basis of number of dimensions like the ability of generating range of ideas, listening respectfully for disparate perspectives and communicating effectively(Niazi, 2011). Making criteria and scheme of grading: It is very essential to illustrate the criteria of performance so that one can easily make out the difference between the expectations and decisive expectations(Smith, 2000) How to support team members to achieve goals through coaching, mentoring and training What training/ mentoring or coaching can you do to help your team members reach their goals? Training programs should be strategy driven: Trainers should be made aware of the fact that all training programs are required to be in line with an organizations strategic goals(Harun Mahmood, 2012). Setting Criteria for defining success: Success of a training program should be measured against varied criterias(Vinesh, 2014). Training programs needs to support the key strategies: While designing a training program, trainers should be made aware about the fact that learning is very much aligned and is directly supported by the structures of an organization(Nischithaa Rao, 2014). Resolution techniques and Strategies What were the resolution strategies you put in place for your team Guideline establishment: Formal meetings were arranged in between the contracting parties for understanding the guidelines and defining the ways for meeting the same. Both the parties were asked to share their views calmly and unemotionally for effective outcomes(Rouge, 2014). Keeping Effective and open Communication: The main objective in resolution of conflict was to have open communication in between the members (Jung, 2003). Decisive Actions: After collecting the information, all parties should be involved in the decision making process (EDCC, 2011). References EDCC, 2011. ConflictResolution Skills. EDCC. Harun, M.Z.M.B. Mahmood, R.B., 2012. The Relationship between Group Cohesiveness and Performance: An Empirical Study of Cooperatives Movement in Malaysia. International Journal of Cooperative Studies, 1(1), pp.15-20. Jung, H., 2003. Conflict resolution strategies and no strategy and their Performance Models for Large Scale Multiagent Systems. University of Southern California. Niazi, A.S., 2011. Training and Development Strategy and Its Role in Organizational Performance. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 1(2), pp.42-57. Nischithaa, P. Rao, M.V.A.L.N., 2014. The importance of staff training in the hotel industry. International Journal of Business and Administration Research Review, 1(5), pp.50-56. Regional Skills Training, 2010. Workplace Communication. Regional Skills Training. Rouge, B., 2014. Effective Conflict Resolution Strategies. Louisiana State University. Smith, J.L., 2000. Group Cohesion. AUBURN University. Universit Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2012. Team Building Team Cohesion. Universit Nice Sophia Antipolis. University of Tennessee System, 2012. Communcitaion Process. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee System. USCG, 1998. Effective Communication. [Online] Available at: https://www.uscg.mil/auxiliary/training/tct/chap7.pdf. Vinesh, 2014. Role of Training Development in an Organizational Development. International Journal of Management and International Business Studies, 4(2), pp.213-20.

Major Economics Concepts

Introduction The economy is a complex intertwined system consisting of many parts that work collectively to produce output. Principles of economics are wide and diverse. They help in explaining the complexities associated with the economic system, besides providing crucial indicators for economic direction and wellbeing. Though these principles change with economic dynamism, their basic meanings are static and understanding them is crucial to understanding economics phenomena.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major Economics Concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Taking the above into account, this discussion will briefly highlight on some of the major economic concepts, to aid in increased understanding of the discipline. These concepts include economic growth, unemployment, hyperinflation, deficit vs debt, exchange rate and great depression and great recession. Economic growth Economic growth refers to the in creasing of an economy’s capability to sufficiently meet a particular population’s needs in terms of goods and services (Wessels 98). Economists normally measure economic growth by determining the increase in productivity as reflected in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) normally, economic growth leads to a drop in costs of economic indicators such as labor, capital and materials. Additionally, increased demand for goods and services and growth in the average income of the population indicates economic growth. The graph below shows how different countries compare in GDP growth rates. Source: International Monetary Fund In the recent past, Asia and Africa have been experiencing phenomenal economic growth rates. Besides the Asian tiger economies, China has posted consistent high growth rates effectively making it the biggest economy in the world behind only the US. Though the Asian Tigers are doing well, China is doing better in terms of economic growth. For instance, th e GDP of China rose by 2.3% in the third quarter of 2011 on a seasonally adjusted quarter on quarter basis as the graph below illustrates.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More China’s GDP expansion in 2011. Source Tradingeconomics.com Due to the rapid growth, estimates put China’s economic worth at slightly over $10 trillion compared with that of Hong Kong at slightly over $2 trillion. One of the most important economic growth indicators is employment. The employment rate shows the number of eligible people in the labour force being absorbed into the job market. Unemployment Unemployment or joblessness on the other hand refers to a situation where people are without jobs after actively engaging in job search within a specified time (McConnell et al 235). Unemployment rate measures unemployment through division of the number of unemployed people by the entire labou r force. High unemployment rates have for a long time been synonymous with developing countries. However, the global financial crisis has led to loss of jobs in developed nations raising the unemployment rates to unprecedented highs. The Table below illustrates unemployment rates of selected countries. Country Unemployment Rate % (2011 estimates) US 8.6 Spain 21.5 UK 8.3 Kenya 40 China 4.1 Unemployment rates for selected countries Source: Division of International Labor Comparisons The US for instance was one of the most affected countries in the crisis with unemployment rate surpassing 9% for several months due to layoffs resulting from closed down businesses. As of November 2011, the US unemployment rate stands at 8.6%. The US however does better compared to other countries such as Spain and Greece with unemployment rates of 21.5% and 18.4% respectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major Economics Concepts specifically for you f or only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two European nations’ unemployment rates have especially risen due to near total collapse of their economic systems whose origin is the global financial crisis and economic mismanagement. Another important economic indicator besides unemployment is inflation (McConnell et al. 138). Hyperinflation Economists use inflation rates to determine the amount of money in circulation as well as the cost of living. Hyperinflation refers to inflation that is out of control (Baumol 146). Normally, the currency involved loses its real value at an accelerating rate that monetary institutions like central banks can hardly control. According to the International Accounting Standards Board, cumulative inflation that stretches over three years and approaches or reaches 100% becomes hyperinflation. In the above scenario, every cycle of inflation creates the necessity for printing of more money to an extent that money supply is not regulated a s was the case in Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwe’s case, local currency, Zimbabwean Dollar devaluation triggered the hyperinflation. The devaluation resulted from falling exports hence little or no foreign currency reserves. The government then printed money with face value of up to 100 trillion-dollar notes to pay for its bills leading to hyperinflation of over 11,000%. Government spending is critical in economic growth and development. Every government has a financial year where it lays its estimates on revenues and expenditure. Receipts are the collections the government makes while outlays are the expenditure. A negative difference between the two is the deficit. A deficit represents a shortage in revenue when outlays are more than the receipts. In that case, the government borrows money through sale of T-bills and notes, effectively creating debt. Given its nature, it is safe to refer to debt as accumulated deficits. It is important that national debt does not pass a certain perc entage of the GDP. However, countries like the US have public debt amounting to almost 97% of its GDP, a precarious situation that can easily cause economic collapse. The US however is better off compared to other countries such as Japan with a national debt, 228% of GDP and Italy with a national debt, 115% of GDP (Baumol 209). Great Depression and Great Recession In the market economy, that is dominant in the world today, economic cycles have become a norm. Economic shocks such as lack of credit or rise in oil prices lead to slump or growth periods of the economies hence cycles such as the Great Depression and the Great Recession. The stock market crashes of 1929-1930 and 2008-2009 led to a slump in the economic activities in many nations. The great depression was more severe compared to the 2008 great recession.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The great depression affected trade and capital flows as well as commodity prices. The great recession on its part affected credit flow as well as collapse of the housing and financial markets. The US which is still making a painfully slow recovery was the most affected in the great recession with over 14 million Americans losing their jobs and major financial institutions collapsing. In other countries like Japan, industries such as manufacturing experienced a slump, whose effect is still felt today (Baumol 397). Exchange Rate All economic activities use medium of exchange i.e. money whose design depends on a particular territory’s currency. International transactions between nations take place through currency exchange as determined by the exchange rate. The exchange rate therefore is the rate at which one currency will exchange for another (McConnell et al. 49). In essence it’s the value of one country’s currency in terms of another. The most dominant currenc y in the world is the Dollar. Many transactions take place using the dollar and numerous central banks have the dollar as their reserve currency. Many countries as a result have little choice but to peg their national currencies to the dollar. Besides the Dollar, other major currencies include the Euro, the Pound and the Japanese Yen. Many currencies appreciation or depreciation takes place against these currencies. The Euro for instance has appreciated against the Dollar and currently (05th December 11:52 am GMT+3) trades at 1 Euro = 1.3462 U.S. dollars. The Chinese currency is weaker than the dollar and currently (05th December 11:52 am GMT+3) it trades at 1 U.S. dollar = 6.36290174 Chinese yuan, though the US believes depreciation of the Yuan is through manipulation. Conclusion Despite the above principles being important, they hardly form the bulk of economic concepts needed for full comprehension of economics. Nevertheless, the information contained on the discussion is crucial in understanding the basic economic variations that people encounter every day. Perhaps to underscore their importance, the above concepts are the most discussed currently, thanks to the Great Recession and the looming European recession. While understanding concepts such as economic growth, unemployment, hyperinflation, exchange rate and cycles such as the Great Depression and Great Recession is important, understanding how they work together to for the overall wellbeing of the economy is crucial as well. Works Cited Baumol, William. Economics: Principles and Policy. London: Sage Publications, 2011. Print. McConnell, Campbell et al. Economics. New York: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Wessels, Walter. Economics. New York: Routledge, 2006. Print. This essay on Major Economics Concepts was written and submitted by user Iman1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Plurals of Proper Names

Plurals of Proper Names Plurals of Proper Names Plurals of Proper Names By Mark Nichol The following question may seem to belong in a math lesson, but it really is about English: If you have a BlackBerry handheld device, and you purchase another one (don’t ask me why you’re the one who bought it), what do you have now? Two BlackBerries, or two BlackBerrys? Many precedents exist that make the latter seem the obvious choice. In the world of entertainment, some names of achievement awards are nicknamed with the same plural ending: the Grammys, the Tonys, the Emmys. (â€Å"The Razzies† is an unfortunate exception; on behalf of the Dailys, I nominate the sponsors of those awards for a statuette featuring an ax embedded in a computer monitor). And when referring to other brand names based on, or resembling, common nouns with irregular plural forms, this sensible approach applies: Plurals for the names of the car models Camry and Leaf are not Camries and Leaves, but Camrys and Leafs. Beyond that, however, is the time-honored convention to follow the default setting for pluralizing words in general: adding -s or -es. This is true for the following categories as well: Names of Nations and Nationalities Refer to â€Å"the two Germanys,† for example, or â€Å"the Greeces of the modern and classical eras†). Words for nationalities that end in -i get an -s (Afghanis, Israelis). Note that although The Chicago Manual of Style recommends this style for American Indian tribal names (Hopis), Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary lists both a plural form identical to the singular form for this tribe and others with names ending in vowels (Hopi, Cherokee) and the -s plural form (Hopis, Cherokees). If you’re writing for publication, to be on the safe side, use -s; if you’re self-publishing, it’s up to you. Personal Names Write, for example, â€Å"three Billys in the same classroom.† Surnames are more complicated, however: The default for names ending in consonants and vowels is the same more than one Smith is Smiths, more than one Corleone is Corleones, and so on but names ending in -es or -ez (for example, Jones and Chavez) get an extra -es tacked on: Joneses and Chavezes. Italicized Names An italicized proper noun, like the title of a periodical, book, or movie, should have a nonitalicized s appended, as in â€Å"three consecutive Washington Posts,† â€Å"a stack of Catcher in the Ryes,† and â€Å"all three Mission Impossibles,† though it looks less awkward to relax the reference: â€Å"three consecutive issues of the Washington Post,† â€Å"a stack of copies of Catcher in the Rye,† or â€Å"all three movies in the Mission Impossible franchise.† Exceptions Nicknamed geographical terms defy this convention, as when the Rocky Mountains are referred to as the Rockies and the Great Smoky Mountains are called the Great Smokies. The plural forms of names ending in unpronounced -s or -x are identical to the singular form: â€Å"The era between the third and seventh Louis,† â€Å"The two Lacroix could not have been any different,† though â€Å". . . Louis III and Louis VII† and â€Å"The two Lacroix brothers . . .† would be better. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Words for Facial ExpressionsFlier vs. FlyerCharles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Compare and contrast Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastranism Essay

Compare and contrast Christianity, Judaism, and Zoroastranism - Essay Example To begin with, it must be noted that all three religions in question are monotheistic (Fisher, 2014). Indeed, it must be noted that several thousand years ago, the majority of religions that were spread in the world were polytheistic; that is why faith in one God should be seen as a rather progressive worldview. Thus, in the set of religious coordinates, Ahura Mazda is the supreme God that people should worship. In the view of Judaism, there is also one God that freed this nation from slavery in Egypt and led them to the Promised Land. Finally, Christianity is also monotheistic religion; however, it features the so-called Trinitarian monotheism which stands for one God in Three Persons. So, one might suggest that the first feature that these religions share is belief in one God. The second aspect that should be taken into account is the afterlife. Thus, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity believe that after death the soul of a person does not disappear, but goes to a different world. According to the former religion, the conditions in which a soul will find itself after death are determined by the manner on the early life. As one can clearly see, there is a similar aspect in Christianity when our deeds determine our afterlife. It must be noted that the position of Judaism on the issue of afterlife is not fully determined, but it would not be a mistake to suggest that as a religion it fully rejects it. That is why the existence of afterlife is another point that these religions share. Finally, the common ground of Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Christianity may also be found in what is usually referred to as the Golden Rule. In spite of the fact that I may be formulated in different ways, the original message behind it is similar: one should treat others in a way one wants to be treated. There is no doubt that this is a rather

Kierkegaard and Man's Search for Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kierkegaard and Man's Search for Meaning - Essay Example The religious stage, it is a leap of faith, and God being our fulfillment it becomes clear as we discover the adequacy of existence. God’s existence is suggested in our awareness of self-alienation and cannot be collapsed into scientific inquiry. Without risk, they are no faith and truth must be inward reality and cannot simply be grasped at cognitively. The venture chooses an objective uncertainly with passion of infinite (George 77). Life is not primarily a quest for pleasure, as felid believed. The largest task for any person is to find meaning of life. Frank saw three possible sources of meanings in working, love and courage in difficult times. Forces beyond your control can take every thing possible expect your freedom to choose on how to respond on situations. Man, however, can live or even die for the sake of values and ideas. Statistical survey explained that 78% percent said that making money was their first goal in life. Neurogenic neuroses do not come from conflict between drives and instincts but rather from existing problems. It is a frustration often eventuates in sexual compensation (George 67). Ultimately, man should not ask the meaning of life rather he recognizes that it is who is being asked Love is the only way to grasp another human innermost core of his personality. No one can be fully aware of every essence of another human unless he loves him. It emphasizes that is an ultimate purpose of

Asian political thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asian political thought - Essay Example Furthermore, the Chinese management has no hesitation fought far-off interferences in the interior matters of independent countries and in particular when controlled by the United States and the West in general; out of an apprehension that such interference is often inspired by a need for government modification, and could institute a model that one day might be used against Beijing. All of these issues have made Beijing to counterattack or at the slightest refrain from struggles by other shapes, and even worldwide bodies, to coercively force or intervene regimentally in political confrontations or cases of interior turbulence happening in other especially emerging nations. Nevertheless, in the past few years, China`s allegedly upright and realistic position on this subject has been underneath force because of the rising worldwide apprehension over a number of occurrences in which dictatorial governments have used ferocity counter to their individual populace. Accordingly, it has als o had a stern position concerning the development of an extensive variety of social, economic, and safety matters that distance and wear down nationwide borders. For some experts, such expansions are backing to the formation of so-called post-Westphalia rules, which highlight â€Å"the right and undeniably the responsibility of the global public to trespass on the self-sufficiency of the country to defend or progress other deliberations. Research shows that the most prominent instance of such an energy in the part of benevolent involvement is redirected in the so-called â€Å"accountability to defend† standard approved at the UN World Summit conference in 2005, and talked in numerous UN determinations and declarations subsequently. In case such standards increase better sustenance, particularly amongst chief emerging nations as well as egalitarianisms like India and Indonesia, Beijing could meet growing pressure to care for more interfering rules. In reality, Beijing current ly acknowledges that benevolent calamity or other native complications happening in so-called zones of unpredictability from the Chinese viewpoint or unsuccessful countries from a Western standpoint can stance grave political, subtle, and economic intimidations to other countries, comprising China. Moreover, the Chinese management approves with various other countries that even though it is imperative to analyze the fundamental, long-standing complications that cause such local unpredictability, this general goal should not avert temporary activities essential to hand evolving and instant benevolent and other pressures. As a result, Beijing has lately revealed marks of accommodating, or at least accepting in, globally recognized involvements in other republics, in some circumstances for motives related with the deterrence of state-inflicted mass ferocity. A latest instance of such altering approaches was delivered by Beijing’s preparedness to allow UN-backed, NATO-led soldier ly intercession in Libya to avert the assassination of blameless citizens by the Qaddafi despotism. In this case, the succeeding development of the

Hollywood And The Rise Of Cultural Protectionism Media Essay

Hollywood And The Rise Of Cultural Protectionism Media Essay As suggested by Elsaesser, 2005 Hollywood has been used to refer to various artistic goods from the United States of America that are very popular and well known globally. These products include TV programs, films, music as well as a number of world-wide broadcasters for instance CNN, MTV and Disney. The achievement of Hollywood is unquestionable; in 1998 the 39 films deemed to top the list of popularity and successes were of America origin. On the same note Hollywood in Europe has made the home movie industries struggle to hold even 30% of their nationwide market share. The issue of Americas cultural influence is conceivably felt most profoundly in France, where President Jacques Chirac said in 1999 that France refused to consider cultural products like ordinary goods, subject solely to the law of the market. (Scott, 2000) Additionally, other countries as far as Middle East and Asia and Africa are also feeling the American cultural influence as a result of Hollywood. This attitude is reflected in large subsidies to French creative industries and in laws which limit the amount of foreign material on television and in cinemas. Such cultural protectionism with no doubt has been deemed to be a burning issue in the World Trade Organization negotiations and is attributed to such activities as government sponsoring international broadcasting internationally in order to counter the American media perspective. The major examples of American films that influence culture in political philosophy, economic philosophy, social structure, education, religion and language include Air Force One, Cruel Intention, The Associate, Passion of Christ and Rush Hour in that order (Bruner, 2008). On this background, the essay is a critical examination of aspects of culture as being invisible, and using Hofstedes and Trompenaars definition the aspects of culture being promoted by Hollywood films are discussed. Similarly the various ways Hollywood films affect cultural values of people outside US are brought to light. Finally, the essay examines the issue of protectionism declining or being seen as insignificant. Discussions on whether countries should use protectionism or not to support their domestic film industries are also discussed. In the same line of reasoning, the paper brings forth other cultural industries that need protection from the government. Aspects of culture that Hollywood films promote around the world According got Hosfede definition of culture, he said that culture is mind software that ensures that it guides each individual in his or her daily interaction (Hofstede, 2001). He said that the entire individual carries with them a pattern of thinking, feeling and the way in which they act that has been learned through their lifetime experience. Much of what one has in life is acquired in once childhood due to persistence learning of certain aspects and the assimilation of some ideas. Therefore, as some of the thinking has been instilled in once minds, it changes one way of thinking and acting in his/her environment. Therefore, if such is required to be reverted, a lot more has to be done as it is very difficult to change the effect one has conceived for a bigger period than learning them in the first time. Trompenaar in his tempt to define what culture holds came up with different dimension that affect the culture. Therefore, this cultural dimension will be explored in regard with the effect that has been brought by the Hollywood films. Hollywood film has promoted different aspects of culture around that world in various films that they have produced. Though they have experienced many critics, their effects are paramount and cannot be ignored. Some of the cultural effect that the film has brought in the face of the world is political philosophy through their film Air Force 1. This film shows the capacity that the united state has in curbing terrorism. It brings about a vision where the government of US has great ability to fight about the terrorism in its own capacity undermining the strength of such government like Kazakhstan (Peer ally, A. 2008). The Hollywood film has a great effect on economic philosophy in the world through their films such as Cruel Intentions and The Pursuit of Happiness. Both the films show how economical crisis can lead to breakage of relationship and lack of enough resource can lead to engaging in vices as Cruel Intention postulate. Through these films, Hollywood has put a great impact on those people who are economically stable to be sited to have other wicked ways as being deceitful to their counterparts and taking advantage of the poor ones. The film has also made a lot of impact on social structure. Such movies as The Associates and Pretty Woman have been at the stage of culture diversification (Gudykunst Kim 1997). The film shows the level at which one is changed after meeting with other people no matter their caliber. The film shows people being able to change their working condition at taking time to socialization. The film is able to enhance the male social responsibility towards their female culprits when they are in time of danger. The Hollywood films have been equivocal in the nature of the impact they have had towards education. Dead Poets Society and Little Miss Sunshine are among the films that have been directed towards affecting the education. For example, in a Dead Poet Society film, the culture of education is portrayed as parent being so conservative in most of the world (Peerally 2008). This is where the parents decide on what their children are supposed to pursue in their academic future yet their children have different perspective, which should be respected according to their talents. These are some of the things that most of the communities are fighting across the globe. Therefore, the film has brought a lot of sensation on such education culture. Religion has also been in the receiving end through Hollywood films such as The Passion of Christ and the Love Guru film. Passion of Christ film has been the most controversial film that has received a lot of resistance especially in the Muslim world. This has to some extent been banned to be viewed in countries where Islam religion is rampant. This is because it has been viewed as to support Christian and by the people viewing it, they it will cause religious upgrade which is one sided. This is by purporting one faith and ignoring the Islamic religion. To the Christian world, it has contributed to the culture of religion and has been rampant in the idea of strengthening Christianity. Language has not been left behind as one of the aspects that have been affected by Hollywood films. Rush Hour and Borat: Cultural Learning of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan among other films has been in the forefront in the language diversification. The Borat show how the Kazakhstan girl changes her village after marriage to a US man. She is able to learn different language that helps her to bring many changes in her village including technology. Though this film was held with mixed reaction, it has made a lot of impact on the people around the globe. How Hollywood film has affected cultural values of other nations The film has been very predominant on the Christianity, thus undermining the other religion. Therefore, by promoting one religion according to Hall 1976, most of the viewers are conditioned towards the superiority that this religion has over other religion. To some extent, due to their high demand across the world, some of the government like the government of Malaysia has developed a soft spot towards its viewing by lifting its complete burn on some of the movies to the entire resident but restrict them only to be viewed by the Christians only. These films has supported Christianity very much in countries whose Islam is a strong hold. The films have caused Americanization globally through these films upholding American culture and beliefs and propagating their values to the whole world through these films. According to Hofstede1991, this has made the upcoming generation to be brought up in an environment that has very much been intoxicated by the US culture from the mode of dressing to language change that is regarded as urbanization in different parts of the world. Their movies have been the cause that affects people in the culture that they have in the communication patterns. They ensure explicit and implicit communication that ensures that they improve their values in other countries (Bram, 1997). They come up with the American way and even other way of communication, that seemingly is being emulated by the young generation that is changing towards their assimilation to this communication structure. These movies will affect on the way people outside US make their decision. They show streams of decision-making process that the actors uses that eventually turns to be either successful or failure according to certain circumstances. This may see some of the people across the globe emulate the movie sterling in making their own decision in regards to the way they have portrayed in some of the movies. This will eventually turn to be a holistic way in which a decision is executed to cater for certain occasion especially by the young generation who may be at high risk of emulating these ideas. Some of the movies like The Lord of the Ring have been portrayed as the one that show struggle between god and evil. Therefore, people who are out of the America and are not at the verge of understanding their culture right away may take it as war between Muslim and Christianity. This may deepen the hatred that has been perennial among this religious group and always causing havoc amongst them. Aspects that make Hollywood movies to have effects on other nations Realia The use of film as the Hollywood has been using can bring lots of change in the cultural world. The movies use Realia in their production that enhances authenticity of the communication that enhances the culture that they want to bring about. Realia is a communicative language teaching that uses life materials from the culture that has been targeted to provide the audience with a dose of reality. This is seen inmost films such as Passion of Christ, which has been shooting in Italy where it is incorporated with the roman culture being more real and with then authenticity that makes it very convincing. They are able to use war jets and real staged information that makes the audience to be susceptible towards the effect that the film portrays. Saviors This is the ability of using and coming up with intercultural communicative experience that is so rampant in the Hollywood movies. They are able to incorporate the altitude for example some people from other countries has in different aspect of life with their knowledge of certain professional features like armed forces, and their skills especially in the intercultural communication in the films. This acts as ne of the most convincing aspect towards the change of the people behaviors. The curiosity that has been encompassed therein creates a lot of passion for the films making them to be a source of irresistible culture change aspects. It creates curiosity to the people feel that they are supposed to discover unfamiliar phenomena especially about themselves. This is by creation of stereotypes in different communities making the community concerned to be ell aware of how the world thinks of them (Adler, 1991). This makes them to try as much as possible either to counter that or to be self aware about themselves. Social cultural knowledge The movies have ever been at the core point of making the world aware of the cultural and social diversity of people around the globe. They do this by the way they display each culture according to the way they act their movies making their audience emulates some of the cultures especially the ones that has been displayed positively across the film. This has affected the people culture around the globe by trying to incorporate different culture as portrayed in the movies. Mostly, the American culture has been the most borrowed by the film lovers across the globe. Therefore, this has made most critics to accuse the Hollywood filmmakers of trying to instill American cultures and social values to the whole world making other cultural values that had been held with a lot of esteem to start fading or be lost in confusion of integrated culture from different places. Islamic religion has been the most critical of Hollywood work due to them inclining themselves in one religion and using of c ulture that the Islamic religion do not allow in their countries. They claim that they cause disintegration of morals and there are not viable to be viewed in their countries. Most of these movies are the cause of westernization in most the other part of the world. Cultural dimensions The film has brought about changes around the globe by creating a platform where people are able to acquire cultural awareness of other nations thus being able to identify and interpret and hence analyzing implicit and explicit values of each culture according to the phenomena that are attached in them (Adler, 1991). According to Trompenaar, he claims that the people culture is capable of differing due to what has been equipped in their mind. He called this mental program in his work he described different dimensions that causes cultural change. Power distance is the first dimension that has been brought to show how Hollywood film causes cultural change in the lives of the people outside US. This is by unequal distribution of power in the movies presented and therefore showing that the American government being more powerful than other nationalities that are antagonist in the plot. This makes people to have a certain view towards the capability that the US government has especially in the way they handle their security issues and fight against terrorism. The other dimension is uncertainty avoidance that is the capacity at which people from other cultural divide feels uncomfortable of unknown cultural situation. These movies brought about urge of the people to feel insecure to interact freely due to the kind of stereotyping that has been brought to each cultural group in the world. They make people to prepare for ambiguity that may emerge during their interaction, therefore culture change. Individualism and collectiveness is another dimension that has been coined in the pursuit of understanding the effects of the Hollywood films on the other part of the world. The film is able to put the degree of the cohesiveness that exists among different societies more pronounced in their films. This has made the people to start changing their way of living to ensure that they embrace the integrated living mechanisms and in the long run, forgetting some of their culture and social values (Hosted, 1991). Masculinity and femininity is also another aspect of dimension that has been affected very much through the emergence of these films. According to Trompenaar, he used masculinity gender role has a very distinctive contrary to femininity role which overlap (Adler, 1991). Otherwise, the movies have brought about roles of women to equally competitive as men roles are. They have been portrayed to be higher achievers thus changing the mentality of most of the society in the world especially where women are seen as weaker sex. Hollywood in the Global scene According to Bruner, 2008 globalization a concept characterized mainly by free movement of people, capital, goods and services has seen to it that the world has turned to be a global village. Through globalization, Hollywood has captured market in the entire world toping in most of the films. Strictly speaking, there are various movies that have been released by Hollywood that have influenced various aspects of the worlds thinking and ideologies. These include Air Force One, Cruel Intention, The Associate, Passion of Christ and Rush Hour to mention but a few. The films have had profound effect on political philosophy, economic philosophy, social structure, education, religion and language (Scott, 2000). The wide spread of Hollywood products throughout the world and especially in Europe is attributed to the progressive dismantling of a number of formal barriers to trade as well as investment fostering creation of global market. Additionally, the urge for higher degree of economic inte rdependence as well as a higher desire of interconnection and advancement in technology has made this possible. Hollywood is credited for producing over 80% of films being watched globally and has increased its market share two-fold from 1990. It is worth to note that it is second after aerosol in contributing to US export. The industry not only produces films but books, music, TV programs, software as a single industry has contributed in the economy of America by providing individuals with thousands of jobs among other things. Its dominance has also seen to it that less than 1% of foreign films industries have a stake in the country. On the same note, Hollywood in Europe has made the home movie industries struggle to hold even 30% of their nationwide market share. Hollywood dominance dates back in 1920s; currently compared to 1980 where it received about 30% of its revenue from overseas it now receives slightly above 50%. In Japan, the industry controls slightly over 50% of movie industry. A globalized market as well as world market that fancy big budget and entertaining movies having the rig ht stuff are attributed to being the major determinant factors making Hollywood films has a very high demand. However, although there are agreements that globalization as well as Hollywood wide spread has had positive stride in the societies; various groups (government, journalists and citizens) hold that the benefits accrued from Hollywood going international have in one way or another undermined cultural identity of a given population within a sovereign state or country. It is worth noting that indeed common markets has had the capability of promoting comparable manners as well as the chasing and acquisition of analogous ways of life among the worlds population; the most affected and vulnerable groups are the youths. The result is that various stakeholders have held their breath with regards to their customs, traditions, beliefs, views, thoughts and heritage being washed away. As results, to counter the problem, the governments have initiated policies and other tools aimed at safeguarding the nations culture in the face of globalization. There are a number of trade controls which include taxes, subsidies and quotas have been put in place in order to protect and nurture home cultures. Protectionism By definition, protectionism has been thought as the advocacies, systems or theories aimed at protecting/coddling those local domestic producers by limiting or impeding by using subsidies, quotas and tariffs importation of products as well as services deemed to be of foreign origin. The phenomenon has been insignificant and in decline in the recent years although its applicability has brought both negative and positive impact to the industry (Cavusgil et al., 2008). It is no doubt that the mechanisms used in coddling domestic industries including film industries for instances tariffs potentially raise the prices of imported products from the United States as well as other foreign countries. This is usually aimed at making the goods and services to be less attractive to end-users as compared to domestic products that are cheap. Quotas aim at reducing the amount or quantities of products being imported have also been used as device to protect domestic industries. Historically, wars and economic depressions did play a role in encouraging protectionism (Rosen, 1981). On the other hand, peace, globalization, interconnectedness and economic interdependence have played a part in encouraging free trade. Strictly speaking the policies that encouraged protectionism was wide spread back in 17th and 18th centuries in Europe (Scott, 2000). In 19th century, Britain abandoned her laws that encourage the phenomenon and during the World War I tariffs were tremendously lowered in Europe. It is worth mentioning that in 1920s, raising economic and political temperatures brought about protectionism through custom barriers. This led to drastic shrinking of world trade. The signing of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade did help countries such as U.S reduce custom tariffs and tremendously cutting down quotas hence encouraging world trade. Nonetheless, such agreements as GATT and NAFTA have not been successful in curbing the problem as it is evident that a number of countries resort to protectionism when faced with foreign competition (Cavusgil et al., 2008). There have been very serious arguments as whether movies should be considered and treated just like any other good. Similarly, given the magnitude of the argument, a big question has been brought forth, should countries protect and support their own domestic film industries through protectionism? To fully address the issue the paper will try to analyze both sides of the arguments and arrive at a conclusion. In one side, there are those of the opinion that movies should be treated just like any other commodities in the market and opt to be given a comparative advantage where the best producers of the same should specialize on it; consume enough and export the surplus while at the same time import what it is not producing. Like any other goods and services, movies promote the well-being of individual in terms of political, sociological, economical as well as environmentally hence should be treated as such. On the other hand, those opposing the notion hold that people fail to understand that movies/films are distinct from the normal goods and services. They believe that films have a profound capacity to seriously injure or influence cultures of sovereign nations; this means also that political, sociological and economic philosophies are in the mix. The then Canadian prime minister summarizes this Movies are culture incarnate. It is a mistake to view culture as a commodityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Cultural industries, aside from their economic impact, create products that are fundamental to the survival of Canada as a society (Baughn Buchanan 2001). Mechanisms fostering protectionist Strictly speaking there are a number of protectionists policies employed in world trade and for these matter movie industries. They include tariffs, import duties, administrative barriers, anti-dumping legislations, direct subsides, export subsidies, exchange rates and international patent. Cavusgil et al., 2008 noted that the most commonly used in movie industry are tariffs, subsidies, quotas and to an extent administrative barriers as well as exchange rates. What necessitated protectionism against U.S films as well as other related product stems from being accused of cultural imperialism, cultural colonialism, and cultural hegemony (Murray, 2003). Tariffs or taxes are place on imported products. Although they vary from country to country the aim is to increase the cost of importation this in turn makes the product to be highly priced hence unattractive to end-user as compared to the cheap local ones this in the long run lowers the volume of imports. There are other countries that did resort to using administrative barrier on the grounds that the product spoil and erode their national culture (Baughn Buchanan 2001). This works just like administrative rules for instance safely of food, electrical safety among others this thus is used to bring to play barriers that impede importation. Import quotas can also be used where it aims to cut down the quantity of imported products increasing its market price. Quotas bound the number of screen shows to be aired by United States films or may call the domestic industries to make a given number of films within a specified period of time. Eventually this prevents customers from viewing the movies that they want to (Murray, 2003). Manipulation of exchange rate has also seen to it that a country lowers the value of her currency. This raises the cost of importing goods and lowering the cost of exporting hence aiding in improving the country balance of trade. This has been shown to be effective in a shorter. Subsides include government paying a lump-sum or offer loans at vey low interest rates to domestic industries in order to compete with their foreign counterparts. Subsidies can weaken the domestic film industries (Trumpbour, 2002). Arguments supporting protectionism According to Murray, 2003 proponents believe that there is dire and legitimate need for governments to restrict entrance of Hollywood product deemed American from entering the country as they will jeopardize the national culture as well as political and socio-ecological philosophies. This will also help boost local industry. Trying to come up with a better balance of payment or trade balance is one such argument brought forth by proponents of protectionism. This stems from the understanding that when importations are discouraged and exportation of the some product encourage, the country will have a favorable balance of payment. This assumption forgets the long-term consequences for instance, when a country limits importation of products from a certain country, there are also chances that the other country will limit importation leaving the other country with no place to sell her products (Rosen, 1981). According to Baughn Buchanan 2001 protection of infant industries from unfair competition has also been used to support protectionism. The nurturing of such industries will help the country pick up, employs her people resulting to a better economic state. Additionally, the idea according to supporters helps protect declining industries from worsening the existing structural unemployment. On the same note, protectionist has been hailed to help countries shield it from being dumping site. There are argument that America produce poor quality films filled with pornographic materials and negative depiction of other countries political religion and economic ideologies. Argument against protectionism Opponents of protectionism have brought forth arguments that support the notion that indeed the concept has turned to be armful to people it aimed to initially protect. Protecting Hollywood films from entering the global scene in the name of preserving cultural as well as traditional heritage is in no doubt aimed at nothing other than keeping the citizen trapped in the dark ages (Cavusgil et al., 2008). Preservation of culture is intellectual slavery considering the trend of globalization where the world has turned into a global village and people meet every now and then. Additionally, protectionism misses the point since Hollywood products are aimed at brining together the entire world to have a common ground where communication help spread of knowledge, ideas, and feelings. This help resolve the current stalemate in division and conflict. On the same line, protectionism although aim at promoting local and infant industries, the blockage of foreign screens will definitely block the affected countrys citizen from access to information as well as freedom of speech (Trumpbour, 2002). This in itself is a breach of the constitution under human rights. For instance, quotas will limit the quantity of screens being aired making the local citizen with very limited options. According to Elsaesser, 2005 Greenspan a former chairperson of Federal Reserve said that protectionism, leads to an atrophy of our competitive ability. If the protectionist route is followed, newer, more efficient industries will have less scope to expand, and overall output and economic welfare will suffer. In a broader scope the concept major aim is to discourage importation of Hollywood product, this definitely have a multiplier effect on a number of countries that are partners in trade. For instance, if a country in the Middle East reduces imports, this may probably lead to a reduced rate/volume of her exports and in the long run jeopardizing global output. More importantly, the whole idea works against the world trade agreements and also derails competition. The lack of competition brought about by coddling of domestic industries will mean that such industries will not have an opportunity to be challenged in the free market to produce high quality products. In my view, there are other methods other than protectionism that could be used to help protect a country to shield and support its own film industry. These include among others, competing under a free market environment a situation where competitive advantage dictates who survivors and who does not, while doing so, government should support such industries financially and using measures that are short-term. Additionally, there is need for government to form consortiums that will help evaluates movies as well as other programs before being released to the public (Baughn Buchanan 2001). Although there are other cultural industries that need to be protected by the government for instances tourism, it is evident that the negative impacts of doing so will bring down the industry. However there is need to have acceptable measures to address such issues as demonstration effect, pornography which comes with tourism.